News and Analysis

Middle Housing was on the agenda at this week’s City Council meeting. This was the first time staff presented the results of their work to the council, but I think the councilmembers have been getting an earful on this topic for months now. The council asked tough questions about potential unintended consequences that might be possible with the staff’s recommendations. We now have an opportunity to do some research in response to the things the councilmembers have indicated that they’re thinking about, which is why I’ve included so much detail below. 

     Many people talked about the emails they’re writing, but unfortunately not that many showed up in person. From the introduction by the Planning Commission’s Chair Goeppele, and my observations at that meeting, it seemed that the Planning Commission’s vote was shaped by the fact that they didn’t discuss the topic and conduct their vote on the same day as the public hearing was held. The people who were in the room when the discussion *did* happen were a different group that mostly spoke about their desire for more housing. 

Here are the recording and slides from the meeting. It was so interesting to see that each councilperson had their own unique take on the issue, and I am optimistic we’ll have a very productive meeting next time as a result.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Sw12rrqm40  (see timestamps below)

Slides

(more…)

Bellevue’s Middle Housing Land Use Code Amendment (LUCA) will allow multiple homes on a single lot. These might be townhouses, duplexes, cottages, courtyard apartments, sixplexes, or stacked flats, etc. Because we are a large city, state law HB 1110 requires Bellevue to allow four housing units on every lot zoned for single family, as well as six units on lots that are within a five minute (1/4 mile) walk of major transit like Link or RapidRide.

Bellevue’s City Council is meeting today, Tuesday, May 13th, and they will consider a proposal to have eight units on every single family lot. It would allow each parcel to have two attached ADUs, plus either four or six Middle Housing units. The area where six Middle Housing units are allowed will expand to include areas that are up to a 1/2 mile walk from major transit and also include areas 1/4 mile walk from Downtown, Eastgate, Crossroads, BelRed, Wilburton, East Main, and Factoria. In all other areas, a developer would be able to pay $150,000 for each to get the fifth and sixth middle housing units (total $300k).

One of the things that Bellevue will work on this fall is a co-housing policy because of HB 1998, which is also a state law from 2023. In the areas where six middle housing units are allowed without the fee, and in mixed use areas, co-housing will be allowed starting in January 2026. There are some nice co-housing buildings in Seattle and Kirkland; a typical sleeping unit would be 170-220 sqft but could be as small as 75 sqft, since they do not always have their own bathroom. Co-housing will also include existing structures that put locks on bedroom doors so a single house can be rented to multiple households.

We may not know exactly what cohousing will look like in Bellevue until December, but on Tuesday night the city will be making a big decision about where to allow it as part of the Middle Housing LUCA. This LUCA will determine how many times bigger than a single-family house a middle housing structure can be, and how far into the front yard and backyard and side setbacks it can go. The current proposal also allows middle housing to be four stories tall in all areas of Bellevue, which is not required by HB 1110 at all.  It includes rules about ADUs, changes the tree code, and changes our transition zones (which affects areas with different zoning on adjacent properties).

We know outreach to the community has been inadequate. Only 55 people responded to the online survey that was available in January and February. Were you notified about this?

Please come to City Hall for the meeting and send your comment to the council!

City Council meeting at Bellevue City Hall
Tuesday, May 13th at 6pm
Agenda with Zoom link
Link to register for public comment, starting at noon on the day of the meeting (also email your comment to council@bellevuewa.gov if possible)

TL;DR：贝尔维尤市议会将于5月13日晚上6点讨论一系列对现有居民有影响的提案。其中包括允许现有的单户住宅地建立八个住房（2个附属住宅+6个中间住房) 。此提案会导致交通拥堵、树木减少、隐私受损等影响。如果你对此有什么想法请通过邮件 council@bellevuewa.gov 或参加会议表达你的意见。

重点：

1. 取消单户住宅地：允许目前的单户住宅地建八个住房，包括2栋附属住宅单元（ADU）和6个中间住房单元。
2. 合住公寓区域扩大：从2026年1月起，合住区域将扩展至距离市中心、十字路口等步行5分钟的区域，包括：
   • 允许将现有房屋用卧室锁分隔成多户的合住公寓
   • 扩大密集公寓，每间单元面积仅需170-220平方英尺
3. 潜在影响：
   • 交通拥堵加剧
   • 学校，医疗机构，公园等公共设施人满为患
   • 持续施工影响周围居民生活
   • 城市树木绿化减少
   • 中间住房允许建四层，居民隐私可能受损
4. 居民参与：请邮件至 council@bellevuewa.gov 或参加5月13日市议会会议表达你的意见。

Edit: Update in the Unit Size section to reflect lot coverage limitations, as pointed out by Ed in the Comment section.

City Council meeting at Bellevue City Hall
Tuesday, May 13th at 6pm
Agenda with Zoom link
Link to register for public comment, starting at noon on the day of the meeting 

Please attend the meeting in person if you can!

In addition to the posts about the unintended consequences of the Middle Housing LUCA (Lakefront Luxury, Expansive Estates, Large Lot “Cottages,” and Cottage Tower Clusters), here is a description of what I think a typical middle housing development might look like. These will include townhouses, duplexes, cottages, courtyard apartments, sixplexes, stacked flats, etc.

Because we are a large city, state law HB 1110 requires Bellevue to allow four housing units on every lot zoned for single family, as well as six units on lots that are within a five minute (1/4 mile) walk of major transit like Link or RapidRide. We are proposing to allow 6 middle housing units and 2 attached ADUs on each lot instead (and some developers will pay a fee to support affordable housing in return).

Also important for understanding our housing supply is a look at the likely unit sizes created. FAR is a multiplier that determines building size based on the lot area.  The FAR for single family homes is ostensibly 0.5, but we see lots of exceptions under the current code that allow daylight basements, etc on top of that, or uncap FAR based on meeting other conditions. 

(more…)

Here is one last wacky scenario – my next post will talk about what is likely to be a more typical Middle Housing structure.

There is an interesting loophole generated by the addition of the 38′ building height allowed by the proposed Middle Housing LUCA and the 12′ height bonus for tree retention offered by subsection E.5.c of the Tree Code, which passed in July 2024.

When we add these together and also consider the potential differences in lot elevation that are present on a sloping site, you could get a very tall structure. Because of this effect of slopes, current code limits houses with flat roofs to 30′ and also has a facade maximum of 40′ that is sometimes the true limit.

There will be no facade maximum for Middle Housing (I asked, and this is not an oversight), so it might be reasonable to think that they could be 38′ + 12′ + 10′ = 60′ (that last one will depend on the particular lot elevations.

I went to Meydenbauer Bay Park this week and looked across at the already very tall homes along the waterfront, and could easily imagine one that was six stories and preserved some uphill trees on the Enatai slope.

Of course, since a six story building is only possible with the Middle Housing rules, you’d have to make it a duplex, triplex, fourplex, fiveplex, sixplex or some other configuration. The housing types that just specify a number of units are very open ended in terms of what you can make. It couldn’t be a stacked flat, since those are technically limited to three stories, and you might not be able to make it a courtyard apartment, since it would be hard to give all units direct access to the courtyard.

I should point out that page 26 of the Middle Housing User Guide pdf from Commerce says that “Cities may also develop reasonable definitions for undefined middle housing types to help ensure that, when in conjunction with development and any optional design standards, they are compatible in scale, form, and character with single-family houses.” This is a very reasonable idea.

The other interesting option is that it could be a boutique hotel under the rules for co-living, but the lakefront homes that are nearest the downtown perimeter (see page 13) are juuust over the 1/4 mile walking distance where six units would be allowed by right, enabling co-living starting in January 2026.

Note: The subsection of the Tree Code immediately before that also allows development to extend into half of the front yard and five feet of the rear yard, effectively reducing the setbacks, and that is on top of a 10′ setback reduction for each the front and the back for middle housing that is in the current Middle Housing LUCA proposal (compare the tables on pages 6 and 30 of the strike-draft). I do not know if this will make a difference, since I assume everyone is already building right up to the shoreline setback from the ordinary high water mark, but there’s also no reason you couldn’t have a six story building on a more ordinary lot anywhere in Bellevue.

In 2022, 2023, and 2024, Bellevue residents participated in many passionate meetings to arrive at a shared vision for how we can protect our tree canopy where lots are being redeveloped. Instead of requiring a percentage of the existing trees to be maintained, it set standards for how many trees should be present after development, with tree credits based on the diameter of each tree trunk to satisfy those requirements. 

There are three ways the Tree Code is being significantly weakened in the residential areas of Bellevue:  

First, we are proposing to allow cottages by the acre on our large lots.  If three bedroom, 1750 sqft + 300 sqft parking/storage cottages are built, you’d be allowed 22 for every acre of your property.  If you have an acre and a half, you’d be able to have 33 of these homes.  It is also possible to adjust the size down, and get a larger number of them. You could have 28 cottages that are 1400 sqft + 300 sqft for parking/storage on every acre. The areas that will be affected by this rule are home to a significant amount of Bellevue’s tree canopy. 

Second, there is a special loophole for cottage housing that will greatly reduce the number of trees required. The former requirement for these large lot areas was 5 tree credits/1000 sqft of lot for a single family home, and 4 tree credits for any parcel with two or more dwellings. Cottage developments are getting special treatment with the Middle Housing LUCA, and will only be required to have 1 tree credit/1000 sqft of lot area. 

Third, there is a new “tree health” provision to avoid tree crowding. Since the bar has been lowered to the floor for the cottage housing, I think they are actually unlikely to run into this issue, but some of the other middle housing types (duplexes, courtyard apartments, sixplexes, stacked flats, etc.) that still need 75 or 80% as much tree credits as a single family home may have trouble fitting them all in.  The Tree Code recognizes this and offers tree credits for $1300 apiece, which will fund tree planting and arborist work in Bellevue. Of course, this annoys developers, so there’s a new provision on page 40 of the strike-draft that will give them credits for more trees than they actually plant, as long as they are careful to build and pave over so much of the lot that it would never be possible for more trees to exist there in the future, either. 

Please come to the meeting this Tuesday, May 13th at 6pm in City Hall and tell the City Council that you still care about maintaining the standards in the Tree Code, and not to allow these changes to undermine it. HB 1110 only requires that we allow 4 housing units per lot in large cities like Bellevue, not an unlimited number of cottages! We’re getting so much capacity for new housing in the rest of the city that the limiting factor will be the number of construction teams, and we don’t need to accelerate development in our greenest and most car-dependent areas.

(more…)

There was plenty of yelling at Monday night’s meeting about Middle Housing, but one of the topics where people expressed their sheer frustration most intensely was the question of homes that are being used for co-living. 

This is currently not allowed in Bellevue, so residents have complaints where the rules are not being enforced, and their neighbors have a dozen or more cars parked all over, with an out of state absentee property owner, etc. Since the state passed a law to allow co-living in 2023 (HB 1998), we know we will have co-living, and we have until December 31st to finalize the rules around it. This would not apply to all areas of the city; just where six units are allowed by right.  

The Middle Housing LUCA, for which City Council is having a crucial meeting on May 13th (Tuesday next week), seems likely to expand the areas where six units are allowed by right significantly. Based on the requirement of HB 1110, parcels within a 1/4 mile walk of Link and current and future RapidRide stations would be allowed to have 6 units by right, whether the last two units are affordable or not. The city is proposing to go beyond that to allow 6 units by right for areas that are 1/2 mile walk from those Major Transit stations, and also create a perimeter around Downtown, Crossroads, Eastgate, Factoria, Bel-Red, Wilburton, and East Main that would allow 6 units by right as well. 

For the parcels that allow 6 units by right or are in mixed use areas, owners may create any of these four co-housing types starting in January 2026.  

(more…)

One of the most profitable opportunities under the new Middle Housing rules (please come to the May 13th City Council meeting if you have any objections to this) will be the estate form.  I had said you don’t maximize potential with only 6 homes on a larger parcel (see the Large Lot Cottages post), but these are not just ordinary homes.  

It is likely that your large, 3/4 acre lot (formerly zoned R-1) is more than 1/4 mile walk from the perimeter of Downtown, Crossroads, Eastgate, Factoria, Bel-Red, Wilburton, or East Main, and also not within the 1/2 walking distance radius of Link or the current or future RapidRide stops.  Therefore, you’ll have to pay $150,000 for each of the fifth and sixth homes you plan to build on the parcel.  This will subsidize up to two households to live in tiny, tiny affordable units in our urban areas. 

Then you calculate your buildable structure size. At 0.9 FAR for all the large lots in Bellevue, that’s 29,403 sqft, and add at least 1200 sqft for each of the two ADUs you’re allowed. Finally, each of the houses gets 300 sqft for parking and storage, and the homes that have the ADUs would get 600 sqft, which you only have to add about 150 sqft to to enable them to have three-car garages. 

Ignoring the garages for now, that means each house could have 5300 sqft.  I’m deducting 2100 SF from that because I think they should all have 3 car garages.  Then that allows each to have 4,950 sqft of living space and 750 sqft of garage. 

I don’t think you can build them as single family homes, so this will probably be three duplexes, and that should still allow plenty of space for gardening and outdoor entertaining. If we add 4950 and 750 and divide by three floors, you get 1900 sf per level for each house.  The garages are likely to be the only part of the homes that actually touch, so you’d probably get a little more space for the ground-floor ADUs above and beyond 1200 sqft, maybe using the full 1900 sqft on one level, and then allowing the average estate size to be 233 sqft larger. 

You might have 1900 sqft on the ground floor and then some entertaining space on a deck on the second floor that’s about 230 sqft. 

If the footprint is 1900sqft on the ground floor plus 750 sqft of garage, that’s 36.5% lot coverage by structures (good thing the proposed rules for middle housing allow 40% lot coverage). The proposed rules for middle housing would also allow up to 50% impervious surfaces, which might be tight depending on how much driveway space you need to reach all three of your estate duplexes. 

One of the best things about these homes is that they can have super high ceilings since they get 8′ of height that ordinary homes do not. You can divide 38′ by three stories to get 11 foot ceilings even after you have a couple feet for high-grade, very solid construction.

There is also a tree code requirement for middle housing that’s 80% of what is required for single family homes, but since you’re presumably clearing a lot that was almost entirely forested before, you would only need to find 132 tree credits, which might be seventeen 20″ trees or twenty-two 16″ trees, and you can always pay toward the street tree fund if you don’t want to keep the trees on your site. 

Good luck! 

Edit: Note about parking added below.

This cottage scenario has 16 cottages in four rows of four, with a central strip of common open space in the center, and 6′ walkways in the other spaces between the rows. Within each row, the cottages would be 2 feet apart (this assumes that both structures will be built with fire rated walls, which is not possible for a typical ADU being added alongside an existing structure). Each cottage uses the full 38′ height allowance. Cottages will have some storage for bikes, but only the front four cottages have any potential for driveway access.

(diagram to follow)

If there were an agreement from the residents to not park cars on the street (see the Culdesac Tempe car-free project), along with room for delivery trucks in the driveway space, you’d be able to mitigate impacts on the streetscape. Neighbors would still have loss of tree canopy and probable A/C exhaust and reduced natural airflow, as well as privacy concerns, and it could be a workout for emergency responders with so many stairwells (48 flights of stairs on a 10k sqft parcel).

(more…)

Edit: At the June 10th meeting, the council voted that cottages should be up to 1500 sqft and can be no more than 24′ tall (see strike-through and replaced text below)

The limit on the number of cottages that are allowed to go on a large lot is based on the FAR, which for all parcels in Bellevue over 10,000 sqft will be a 0.9 multiplier.  If we do the math for the large lots, let’s see what can be produced: 

At 1750 sqft each, 22 three bedroom cottage homes per acre (this is the largest cottage you’re allowed to make)

At 1500 sqft each, 26 two/three bedroom cottage homes per acre (this is the largest cottage you’re allowed to make)

At 1400 sqft each, 28 two bedroom cottage homes. 

Each also gets 300 sqft of garage storage space, so that you have room for a car and some other garage storage. 

How tall will these be? They could be up to 4 stories 2.5 stories, since the height limit is 38′ 24′, but at three stories, you use 30% of the lot area, which is under the 45%* lot coverage limit for larger parcels in Bellevue’s proposal, and two stories is probably close to 45%. (You might need to use the 25% of lot coverage bonus for cottage porches to give plenty of room; that flexibility should ensure you can use the FAR provided.)

Impervious area will depend on how much driveway you need, but it shouldn’t be hard to meet since the draft code offers wide latitude to add driveway as needed by increasing the size of the porches, up to 25% of the area of the lot, and then putting more mass on the third or fourth story of each building. 

A 3/4 acre lot that was formerly R-1 is not large enough for lot splitting, so it would otherwise be able to have six Middle Housing units plus two AADUs. If I wanted to maximize its potential with cottages, I’d put eighteen 1633.5 sqft twenty 1470 sqft cottages on the parcel. 

Edit: I would also like to note that this is not in line with the intent mentioned by the state on page  43 of the Middle Housing Model Ordinances User Guide. 

*had a previous typo that said 40%, but cottages get an extra 5% of lot coverage, if you look at Note 9 under the table in the draft.